arginine vasopressin

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin containing arginine, as that from most mammals, including man.

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

mean

DEFINITION:

1. An average; a number that in some sense represents the central value of a set of numbers.
2. Arithmetic mean.
3. In probability and statistics, the expected value (mathematical expectation) of a random variable, the limiting value to which the sample mean converges as the sample size is increased indefinitely (if the limit exists).

arterial

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries.

pulse rate

DEFINITION:

The rate of pulsation noted in a peripheral artery per minute, normally from 50 to 100.

plasma

DEFINITION:

1. The fluid portion of the blood in which the particulate components are suspended. Plasma is to be distinguished from serum , which is the cell-free portion of the blood from which the fibrinogen has been separated in the process of clotting. See blood plasma .
2. The lymph deprived of its corpuscles or cells.
3. A glycerite of starch used in preparing ointments.
4. Cytoplasm or protoplasm.

factor

DEFINITION:

1. Any of several substances or activities that are necessary to produce a result, e.g., a coagulation factor (see below). Often, use of the term "factor" indicates that the chemical nature of the substance or its mechanism of action is unknown, as in endocrinology, where "factors" are renamed as "hormones" when their chemical nature is determined.

2. One of two or more quantities that multiplied together form a product.

3. A gene (hereditary factor).

Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) -

1. See Factor VIII under coagulation factor (below).

2. [USP] A sterile freeze-dried powder containing the Factor VIII fraction prepared from units of human venous plasma obtained from suitable whole-blood donors; it may contain heparin sodium or sodium citrate. Used to arrest hemorrhage or to prevent hemorrhage during surgery or other procedures in patients with hemophilia A; administered intravenously.

Coagulation Factors - Substances in the blood that are essential to the clotting process and hence, to the maintenance of normal hemostasis. They are designated by Roman numerals, to which the notation "a" is added to indicate the activated state. Platelet factors (see below), designated by Arabic numerals, also play a role in coagulation.

Coagulation Factor II, prothrombin - A plasma protein that is converted to the active form thrombin (factor IIa) by cleavage by activated factor X (Xa) in the common pathway of blood coagulation; thrombin then cleaves fibrinogen to its active form fibrin. Deficiency of the factor leads to hypoprothrombinemia.

Coagulation Factor III, tissue thromboplastin - A lipoprotein functioning in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, activating factor X (see below).

Coagulation Factor V, proaccelerin - A heat- and storage-labile material, present in plasma but not in serum, functioning in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. Deficiency of this factor, an autosomal recessive trait, leads to a rare hemorrhagic tendency, known as Owren's disease or parahemophilia, which varies greatly in severity.

Coagulation Factor VIII, antihemophilic factor (AHF) - A relatively storage-labile factor (see below) participating only in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Deficiency of this factor, when transmitted as a sex-linked recessive trait, causes classical hemophilia (hemophilia A). (See also antihemophilic factor above.)

Coagulation Factor IX, plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) - A relatively storage-stable substance involved in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation; upon activation, it activates factor X (see below). Deficiency results in a hemorrhagic syndrome called hemophilia B, resembling hemophilia A. Called also autoprothrombin II, Christmas factor, and antihemophilic factor B.

Coagulation Factor X, Stuart factor - A storage-stable factor that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation, uniting them to begin the common pathway of coagulation. Once activated, it forms a complex with calcium, phospholipid, and factor V (see above); the complex (prothrombinase) can cleave and activate prothrombin to thrombin. Deficiency of this factor may cause a systemic coagulation disorder.

Coagulation Factor XI, plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) - A stable factor involved in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation; once activated, it activates factor IX. Deficiency of this factor results in a systemic blood-clotting defect called hemophilia C, which may resemble hemophilia A. Called also antihemophilic factor C.

Coagulation Factor XII, Hageman factor - A stable factor activated by contact with glass or other foreign surfaces, which initiates the intrinsic process of blood coagulation by activating factor XI and participates in activation of the kinin and fibrinolytic pathways. Deficiency of this factor results in a tendency toward thrombotic disorders, due to lack of activation of the fibrinolytic pathway. Called also glass factor, contact factor, or activation factor.

Heat-labile Factor - See Factor V under Coagulation Factors (above).

Platelet Factor - Factors important in hemostasis which are contained in or attached to the platelets.

Storage-labile Factor - A factor which shows chemically-unstable attributes during storage.

von Willebrand Factor (vWF) - The attribute of factor VIII (see above) necessary for the adhesion of platelets to vascular elements. Deficiency of this factor results in the prolonged bleeding time seen in von Willebrand's disease.

LINDI

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

MAP

DEFINITION:

Mean arterial pressure.

coagulation factors

DEFINITION:

Substances in the blood that are essential to the clotting process and hence, to the maintenance of normal hemostasis. They are designated by Roman numerals, to which the notation "a" is added to indicate the activated state. Platelet factors also play a role in coagulation.

infusion

DEFINITION:

1. The steeping of a substance in water to obtain its medicinal principles.

2. The product of the process of steeping a drug for extraction of its medicinal principles.

3. The therapeutic introduction of a fluid other than blood, as saline solution, into a vein.

NOTE---An infusion flows in by gravity, an injection is forced in by a syringe, an instillation is dropped in, an insufflation is blown in, and an infection slips in unnoticed.

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

LINDI

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

synthesis

DEFINITION:

The artificial building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials.

inhibitor

DEFINITION:

1. Any substance that interferes with a chemical reaction, growth, or other biological activity.

2. A chemical substance that inhibits an enzyme reaction.

urine volume

DEFINITION:

The measure of the quantity of urine, e.g., excreted from the kidneys.

free water clearance

DEFINITION:

The net amount of solute-free water moved from the blood to the urine; the difference between the urine volume and the osmolal clearance.

urinary osmolality

DEFINITION:

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution (in this case, urine) expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions: osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapor pressure lowering.

urinary

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the urine; containing or secreting urine.

value

DEFINITION:

1. A measure of worth or efficiency.

2. A quantitative measurement of the activity, concentration, or some other quality of a substance.

end-organ resistance

DEFINITION:

Multiple hormones are carried in the bloodstream but a given hormone affects only those cells that comprise its specific end-organ. In the case of the anti-diuretic hormone, vasopressin, the end-organ is the kidney, specifically the cells of the collecting ducts. These are normally rendered water permeable by vasopressin. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus the vasopressin receptors of these cells are genetically altered so that they fail to respond; thus the end-organ is said to be resistant to vasopressin (Crawford).

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

confined

DEFINITION:

1. Held within a location; also, imprisoned.

2. Kept within limits.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

LINDI

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

indomethacin

DEFINITION:

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute gouty arthritis.

hormone

DEFINITION:

A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells remote from its point of origin; especially: one exerting a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

hypophysiotropic hormones - Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, usually releasing hormones (see below), which maintain the endocrine functions of cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohormone - A hormone secreted by a specialized neuron into the bloodstream, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the intercellular spaces of the nervous system.

releasing hormones - Hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure, such as those from the hypothalamus that act on the adenohypophysis. The term is applied to substances of established chemical identity, whereas substances of unknown chemical structure are called releasing factors .

arginine vasopressin

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin containing arginine, as that from most mammals, including man.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

bind

DEFINITION:

To form a weak, reversible chemical bond, e.g., antigen to antibody or hormone to receptor.

receptor

DEFINITION:

1. A molecular structure within a cell or on the surface characterized by (1) selective binding of a specific substance and (2) a specific physiologic effect that accompanies the binding, e.g., membrane receptors for peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, antigens, complement fragments, and immunoglobulins and nuclear receptors for steroid hormones.

2. A sensory nerve terminal that responds to stimuli of various kinds; classified in various ways including by the type of stimulus and by the location in the body.

V2 receptor - The structure to which the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin binds.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

receptors

DEFINITION:

See definitions under "receptor."

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

receptors

DEFINITION:

See definitions under "receptor."

blood vessels

DEFINITION:

Any of the vessels conveying the blood; an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, or vein.

ACTH

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for "adrenocorticotropic hormone." See "corticotropin."

inhibition

DEFINITION:

Arrest or restraint of a process.

secretion

DEFINITION:

The process of segregating, elaborating, and releasing some material either functionally specialized (as saliva) or isolated for excretion (as urine).

vasopressin-2 receptor

DEFINITION:

The molecular structure within a cell or on the surface to which the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, binds.

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

regulate

DEFINITION:

1. To adjust to a certain standard.
2. In biology, to adapt the form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions.
3. To possess the power to form a whole embryo from stages before the gastrula.

antidiuresis

DEFINITION:

Suppression of urinary excretion.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

dilate

DEFINITION:

To stretch an opening or hollow structure beyond its normal dimensions.

blood vessels

DEFINITION:

Any of the vessels conveying the blood; an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, or vein.

blood factors

DEFINITION:

Any of the several substances that form blood. See also blood coagulation factors.

coagulation

DEFINITION:

The process of forming an insoluble mass, called a clot or curd (e.g., a blood clot).

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

drug

DEFINITION:

1. A chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body.

2. Any chemical compound used on or administered to humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease or other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain or suffering, or to control or improve any physiologic or pathologic condition.

3. A substance used recreationally for its effects on the central nervous system, such as a narcotic; abuse may lead to dependence or addiction.

4. To administer a drug to.

psychological

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to psychology.

disorders

DEFINITION:

Derangements or abnormalities of function; morbid physical or mental states.

side effect

DEFINITION:

A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration.

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

hemodynamic

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the movements involved in the circulation of the blood.

coagulation

DEFINITION:

The process of forming an insoluble mass, called a clot or curd (e.g., a blood clot).

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

antidiuretic

DEFINITION:

1. Suppressing the rate of urine formation.

2. An agent that suppresses urine formation.

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

cAMP

DEFINITION:

Cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

binds

DEFINITION:

1. To wrap with a binder or bandage.

2. To form a weak, reversible chemical bond, e.g., antigen to antibody or hormone to receptor.

V2R

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptor.

V2Rs

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptors.

hemostatic

DEFINITION:

Called also hematostatic.
1. Causing hemostasis.
2. An agent that arrests the flow of blood.
3. Due to or characterized by stasis of the blood.

coagulation

DEFINITION:

The process of forming an insoluble mass, called a clot or curd (e.g., a blood clot).

dDAVP

DEFINITION:

Also DDAVP. Trademark for preparation of desmopressin.

V2Rs

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptors.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

V2Rs

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptors.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

chronic

DEFINITION:

Persisting over a long period of time.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

polydipsia

DEFINITION:

Excessive or abnormal thirst.

chronic

DEFINITION:

Persisting over a long period of time.

kidney tubules

DEFINITION:

See renal tubules .

V2Rs

DEFINITION:

Vasopressin-2 receptors.

principal cells

DEFINITION:

1. The fundamental cells of an organ, which usually have a specific function.

2. The principal cells are the chief cells, i.e., the most abundant cells of the parathyroid glands, being polygonal epithelial cells with a granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, arranged in plates or cords, and which are rich in glycogen: the clear cells are more numerous and have relatively large nuclei and clear cytoplasm with few granules, while the dark cells are smaller with smaller and darker nuclei and finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. Intermediate forms also exist.

the kidney collecting ducts

DEFINITION:

Also known as the tubulus renalis colligens , or renal collecting tubule: that structure of the kidney consisting of the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

congenital NDI

DEFINITION:

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A condition of the kidneys existing at birth.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

indomethacin

DEFINITION:

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute gouty arthritis.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

protein

DEFINITION:

Any of a group of complex organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur, the characteristic element being nitrogen, and which are widely distributed in plants and animals. Proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells, are of high molecular weight and consist essentially of combinations of a-amino acids in peptide linkages. Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, and each protein has a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence which determines its specific shape and function. They serve as enzymes, structural elements, hormones, immunoglobulins, etc., and are involved in oxygen transport, muscle contraction, electron transport, and other activities throughout the body, and in photosynthesis.

binding protein - any of a number of plasma proteins (See below) that bind to hormones of low solubility (chiefly the thyroid and steroid hormones), thus providing a transport system for them; some are specific for particular hormones, while others bind to any sparingly soluble hormones. Called also carrier protein or transport protein (See below).

carrier proteins - A binding protein (See above).

plasma proteins - The hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins (such as albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotensin and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins.

transport protein - binding protein (See above).

urine volume

DEFINITION:

The measure of the quantity of urine, e.g., excreted from the kidneys.

rate

DEFINITION:

1. The amount of change of a physical quantity or number of occurrences of an event per unit time.

2. In epidemiology and demography, the frequency of an event in a specified population; correctly applied only to fractions for which all of the cases contributing to the numerator are also counted in the denominator and for which the denominator is the entire population at risk. Rates are often multiplied by a factor to give the number of events per 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 population.

3. More generally, a term sometimes used to denote some measured quantity with respect to another. Symbol R.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

urine osmolality

DEFINITION:

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution (in this case, urine) expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions: osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapor pressure lowering.

relative

DEFINITION:

1. A thing having a relation to or a dependence upon another thing.
2. A person connected with another by blood or marriage.
3. Pertinent, relevant.
4. Not absolute or independent; comparative.
5. Expressed as the ratio of the specified quantity to the total magnitude or to the mean of all quantities involved.

concentration

DEFINITION:

1. Increase in strength by evaporation.

2. The ratio of the mass or volume of a solute to the mass or volume of the solution or solvent.

osmotically

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.