lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

aquaporin-1

DEFINITION:

Also known as CHIP-28, aquaporin-1 is the major water channel of the red blood cells. In the kidneys, it is involved in the reabsorption of most of the waste filtered through the glomerula.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

NHE3

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 3 Na(+)/H(+) exchanger.

NaPi-2

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 2 Na-P(i) cotransporter.

BSC-1

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 1 bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter.

TSC

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter.

orally

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the mouth; taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral medication or an oral thermometer.

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

control rats

DEFINITION:

A group of rats differing from that under study (the treated or case group) by lacking the disease or by having a different or absent treatment or regimen; the controls and case or treated subjects usually otherwise have certain similarities to allow or enhance comparison between them.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

AQP4

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-4.

labeling

DEFINITION:

1. The marking, tagging, or act of identifying something.
2. Providing something with such a characteristic.

radioactive labeling - the marking of a compound by incorporating a radioisotope into it.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

transporters

DEFINITION:

Transport proteins; often specifically a transport protein that after binding one to several molecules of substrate, undergoes a conformational change that moves only the substrate across the membrane. Different types facilitate movement with (symport) and against (antiport) concentration gradients.

proximal tubule

DEFINITION:

See proximal convoluted tubule or proximal straight tubule under tubule .

loop of Henle

DEFINITION:

Henle's loop - a long, U-shaped part of the renal tubule, extending through the medulla from the end of the proximal convoluted tubule to the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule. It begins with a descending limb having a thick-walled segment called the proximal straight tubule , followed by a thin-walled segment called the thin or attenuated tubule ; this is followed by the ascending limb , which sometimes includes the distal end of the attenuated tubule and always ends with a long thick-walled segment called the distal straight tubule . The loops vary in the lengths of their segments according to their locations in the kidney. Called also ansa nephroni .

distal convoluted tubule

DEFINITION:

See under tubule .

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

NHE3

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 3 Na(+)/H(+) exchanger.

BSC-1

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 1 bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

NaPi-2

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 2 Na-P(i) cotransporter.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

chronic

DEFINITION:

Persisting over a long period of time.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

NHE3

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 3 Na(+)/H(+) exchanger.

BSC-1

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for type 1 bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter.

TSC

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter.

transporters

DEFINITION:

Transport proteins; often specifically a transport protein that after binding one to several molecules of substrate, undergoes a conformational change that moves only the substrate across the membrane. Different types facilitate movement with (symport) and against (antiport) concentration gradients.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.