lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

aquaporin-2

DEFINITION:

Also called WCH-CD, this water channel makes the principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct in the kidneys more permeable to water. Lack of functional aquaporin-2 gene leads to a rare form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

AQP-2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

AQP-2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

immunoreactivity

DEFINITION:

The quality or state of being immunoreactive.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

AQP-2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

labeling

DEFINITION:

1. The marking, tagging, or act of identifying something.
2. Providing something with such a characteristic.

radioactive labeling - the marking of a compound by incorporating a radioisotope into it.

collecting ducts

DEFINITION:

Renal collecting tubules: the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

AQP-2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

negative

DEFINITION:

1. Marked by denial, prohibition, or refusal.
2. Not positive or constructive.
3. Less than zero.
4. Being, relating to, or charged with electricity of which the electron is the elementary unit.
5. Having the light and dark parts opposite to what they were in the original photographic subject.

principal cells

DEFINITION:

1. The fundamental cells of an organ, which usually have a specific function.

2. The principal cells are the chief cells, i.e., the most abundant cells of the parathyroid glands, being polygonal epithelial cells with a granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, arranged in plates or cords, and which are rich in glycogen: the clear cells are more numerous and have relatively large nuclei and clear cytoplasm with few granules, while the dark cells are smaller with smaller and darker nuclei and finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. Intermediate forms also exist.

AQP-2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

negative

DEFINITION:

1. Marked by denial, prohibition, or refusal.
2. Not positive or constructive.
3. Less than zero.
4. Being, relating to, or charged with electricity of which the electron is the elementary unit.
5. Having the light and dark parts opposite to what they were in the original photographic subject.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

intercalated cells

DEFINITION:

Dark-colored cells in the renal collecting tubules that are responsible for acidification of the urine.

multiple

DEFINITION:

1. More than one.

2. Occurring in or affecting various parts of the body at once.

3. The product of a quantity by an integer.

labeled

DEFINITION:

Having been marked, tagged, or characterized in some way to identify something.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

adjacent

DEFINITION:

Lying near, close, or contiguous; adjoining; neighboring.

control rats

DEFINITION:

A group of rats differing from that under study (the treated or case group) by lacking the disease or by having a different or absent treatment or regimen; the controls and case or treated subjects usually otherwise have certain similarities to allow or enhance comparison between them.

quantitation

DEFINITION:

The state of being measurable.

fraction

DEFINITION:

1. A portion of something larger.

2. In chemistry, one of the separable constituents of a substance.

collecting duct cells

DEFINITION:

The cells of the renal collecting tubule: the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

AQP-2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

labeling

DEFINITION:

1. The marking, tagging, or act of identifying something.
2. Providing something with such a characteristic.

radioactive labeling - the marking of a compound by incorporating a radioisotope into it.

control rats

DEFINITION:

A group of rats differing from that under study (the treated or case group) by lacking the disease or by having a different or absent treatment or regimen; the controls and case or treated subjects usually otherwise have certain similarities to allow or enhance comparison between them.

cortical

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark.

collecting ducts

DEFINITION:

Renal collecting tubules: the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

N

DEFINITION:

Symbol for newton , nitrogen , and for normal (solution), used with a number designating the strength of the solution relative to the normal, e.g., N/2 or 0.5 N for half-normal.

inner medullary

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or situated in the inner medulla.

collecting ducts

DEFINITION:

Renal collecting tubules: the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

N

DEFINITION:

Symbol for newton , nitrogen , and for normal (solution), used with a number designating the strength of the solution relative to the normal, e.g., N/2 or 0.5 N for half-normal.

fraction

DEFINITION:

1. A portion of something larger.

2. In chemistry, one of the separable constituents of a substance.

cells

DEFINITION:

See definitions for "cell."

urine output

DEFINITION:

The amount of urine excreted by the kidneys.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

cellular

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to, or made up of, cells.

fractions

DEFINITION:

1. Portions of something larger.

2. In chemistry, referring to the separable constituents of a substance.

intercalated cells

DEFINITION:

Dark-colored cells in the renal collecting tubules that are responsible for acidification of the urine.

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

inner medulla

DEFINITION:

Inner medulla of kidney: inner zone of renal medulla.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium

DEFINITION:

A white metal; atomic number, 3. Lithium salts (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are used in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

lithium carbonate - [USP], chemical name: carbonic acid dilithium salt. A white, granular powder, Li₂CO₃, used in the treatment of acute manic states and in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders manifested by depression or mania only, or those in which both mania and depression occur occasionally, administered orally.

lithium citrate - The citrate salt of lithium, used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

fraction

DEFINITION:

1. A portion of something larger.

2. In chemistry, one of the separable constituents of a substance.

principal cells

DEFINITION:

1. The fundamental cells of an organ, which usually have a specific function.

2. The principal cells are the chief cells, i.e., the most abundant cells of the parathyroid glands, being polygonal epithelial cells with a granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, arranged in plates or cords, and which are rich in glycogen: the clear cells are more numerous and have relatively large nuclei and clear cytoplasm with few granules, while the dark cells are smaller with smaller and darker nuclei and finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. Intermediate forms also exist.

altered

DEFINITION:

1. Having been made or become different.

2. Castrated; spayed.

3. Abbreviation for "alteration."

cellular

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to, or made up of, cells.

collecting ducts

DEFINITION:

Renal collecting tubules: the arcuate renal tubule, straight collecting tubule, and papillary duct considered together.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.