nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

DI

DEFINITION:

Diabetes insipidus.

chronic

DEFINITION:

Persisting over a long period of time.

urinary tract

DEFINITION:

The organs and passageways that participate in the excretion of the urine from the kidneys through the bladder and the urinary meatus.

The urinary tract consists of the kidneys (with their blood and nerve supplies), the renal pelves (funnel-shaped ducts that channel urine from the kidneys into the ureters), the ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The kidneys make urine by filtering blood. The urine collects in the renal pelves and then passes down the ureters into the bladder by gravity and by peristalsis (wavelike contractions of the ureteric walls). Urine is then stored in the bladder until a sufficient amount is present to stimulate micturition (passage of urine). When the bladder contracts, the urine is expelled from the body via the urethra.

collecting duct

DEFINITION:

See under duct.

tubular epithelium

DEFINITION:

The covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, in this case the tubules. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.

arginine

DEFINITION:

An amino acid produced by the hydrolysis or digestion of proteins.

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

polydipsia

DEFINITION:

Excessive or abnormal thirst.

alpha

DEFINITION:

1. The first letter of the Greek alphabet (A or α).

2. Something first; beginning.

inhibitor

DEFINITION:

1. Any substance that interferes with a chemical reaction, growth, or other biological activity.

2. A chemical substance that inhibits an enzyme reaction.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

diabetes mellitus

DEFINITION:

A familial constitutional disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin, by excessive urine production, by excessive amounts of sugar in the blood and urine, and by thirst, hunger, and loss of weight.

water deprivation

DEFINITION:

A method for testing the body's ability to concentrate urine when plasma osmolality is artificially increased. See also water deprivation test .

AVP

DEFINITION:

Arginine vasopressin.

administration

DEFINITION:

1. The act of dispensing.

2. Application, as of a salve, medicine, etc.

nephrogenic DI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

urinary tract

DEFINITION:

The organs and passageways that participate in the excretion of the urine from the kidneys through the bladder and the urinary meatus.

The urinary tract consists of the kidneys (with their blood and nerve supplies), the renal pelves (funnel-shaped ducts that channel urine from the kidneys into the ureters), the ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The kidneys make urine by filtering blood. The urine collects in the renal pelves and then passes down the ureters into the bladder by gravity and by peristalsis (wavelike contractions of the ureteric walls). Urine is then stored in the bladder until a sufficient amount is present to stimulate micturition (passage of urine). When the bladder contracts, the urine is expelled from the body via the urethra.

prostate

DEFINITION:

A gland in the male which surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It consists of a median lobe and two lateral lobes, and is made up partly of glandular matter, whose ducts empty into the prostatic portion of the urethra, and partly of muscular fibers that encircle the urethra. The prostate contributes to the seminal fluid a secretion containing acid phosphatase, citric acid, and proteolytic enzymes that account for the liquefaction of the coagulated semen. Called also prostata , glandula prostatica , and prostate gland .

nephrogenic DI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

transurethral resection of the prostate

DEFINITION:

Resection of the prostate by means of a cystoscope passed through the urethra.

bilateral

DEFINITION:

Having two sides, or pertaining to both sides.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

osmolarity

DEFINITION:

The concentration of an osmotic solution especially when measured in osmols or milliosmols per liter of solution.

normalized

DEFINITION:

Made or restored to normal.

nephrogenic DI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.