fructose

DEFINITION:

1. Chemical name: D-fructose. A ketohexose, C₆H₁₂O₆, occurring in honey and many sweet fruits and a component of many di- and polysaccharides; it is obtainable by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. Called also fructopyranose, fruit sugar, and levulose.

2. [USP] The official preparation, administered intravenously in solution as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

NaCl

DEFINITION:

Sodium chloride.

saturated fat

DEFINITION:

A fat containing saturated fatty acids.

correlated

DEFINITION:

See correlation.

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

DEFINITION:

The average pressure within an artery over a complete cycle of one heartbeat.

dysregulation

DEFINITION:

Disordered or abnormal regulation.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

water reabsorption

DEFINITION:

1. The act or process of absorbing water again.

2. Resorption.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

radiotelemetry

DEFINITION:

The determination of measurement of various factors, the specific data being transmitted by radio waves from the object of measurement to the recording apparatus.

MAP

DEFINITION:

Mean arterial pressure.

regulation

DEFINITION:

1. The act of adjusting or state or being adjusted to a certain standard.
2. In biology, the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions.
3. The power to form a whole embryo from stages before the gastrula.

renal

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the kidney.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

water transport proteins

DEFINITION:

Proteins that bind to water and provide a transport system for it.

Sprague-Dawley rats

DEFINITION:

A strain of albino rats developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company, widely used in experimental work because of their calmness and ease of handling.

G

DEFINITION:

As G - Symbol for "gauss," "giga-," "gravida," and "guanine" or "guanosine."

N

DEFINITION:

Symbol for newton , nitrogen , and for normal (solution), used with a number designating the strength of the solution relative to the normal, e.g., N/2 or 0.5 N for half-normal.

fructose

DEFINITION:

1. Chemical name: D-fructose. A ketohexose, C₆H₁₂O₆, occurring in honey and many sweet fruits and a component of many di- and polysaccharides; it is obtainable by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. Called also fructopyranose, fruit sugar, and levulose.

2. [USP] The official preparation, administered intravenously in solution as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

NaCl

DEFINITION:

Sodium chloride.

fructose

DEFINITION:

1. Chemical name: D-fructose. A ketohexose, C₆H₁₂O₆, occurring in honey and many sweet fruits and a component of many di- and polysaccharides; it is obtainable by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. Called also fructopyranose, fruit sugar, and levulose.

2. [USP] The official preparation, administered intravenously in solution as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

NaCl

DEFINITION:

Sodium chloride.

NaCl

DEFINITION:

Sodium chloride.

fructose

DEFINITION:

1. Chemical name: D-fructose. A ketohexose, C₆H₁₂O₆, occurring in honey and many sweet fruits and a component of many di- and polysaccharides; it is obtainable by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. Called also fructopyranose, fruit sugar, and levulose.

2. [USP] The official preparation, administered intravenously in solution as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

MAP

DEFINITION:

Mean arterial pressure.

ratio

DEFINITION:

An expression of the quantity of one substance or entity in relation to that of another; the relationship between two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other.

diastolic blood pressure

DEFINITION:

See blood pressure .

NaCl

DEFINITION:

Sodium chloride.

fructose

DEFINITION:

1. Chemical name: D-fructose. A ketohexose, C₆H₁₂O₆, occurring in honey and many sweet fruits and a component of many di- and polysaccharides; it is obtainable by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. Called also fructopyranose, fruit sugar, and levulose.

2. [USP] The official preparation, administered intravenously in solution as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

creatinine clearance

DEFINITION:

The renal clearance of endogenous creatinine, a commonly used clinical measurement that closely estimates the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

NaCl

DEFINITION:

Sodium chloride.

plasma

DEFINITION:

1. The fluid portion of the blood in which the particulate components are suspended. Plasma is to be distinguished from serum , which is the cell-free portion of the blood from which the fibrinogen has been separated in the process of clotting. See blood plasma .
2. The lymph deprived of its corpuscles or cells.
3. A glycerite of starch used in preparing ointments.
4. Cytoplasm or protoplasm.

renin

DEFINITION:

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes cleavage of the leucine - leucine bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. The enzyme is synthesized as inactive prorenin in the kidney and released into the blood in the active form in response to various metabolic stimuli. Not to be confused with rennin (chymosin).

aldosterone

DEFINITION:

The major mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. It promotes the retention of sodium and bicarbonate, the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions, and the secondary retention of water. Large excesses can invoke plasma volume expansion, edema, and hypertension. The secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by low plasma potassium concentration and angiotensin II.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

alpha

DEFINITION:

1. The first letter of the Greek alphabet (A or α).

2. Something first; beginning.

band

DEFINITION:

An elongated area with parallel or roughly parallel borders that is distinct from the surrounding surface by its color, texture, or other characteristics. See chromosome band.

epithelial sodium channel

DEFINITION:

An epithelial protein channel selective for the passage of sodium ions.

fructose

DEFINITION:

1. Chemical name: D-fructose. A ketohexose, C₆H₁₂O₆, occurring in honey and many sweet fruits and a component of many di- and polysaccharides; it is obtainable by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation of fructose from glucose. Called also fructopyranose, fruit sugar, and levulose.

2. [USP] The official preparation, administered intravenously in solution as a fluid and nutrient replenisher.

aquaporin-2

DEFINITION:

Also called WCH-CD, this water channel makes the principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct in the kidneys more permeable to water. Lack of functional aquaporin-2 gene leads to a rare form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

adaptation

DEFINITION:

1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness.

2. The normal adjustment of the eye to variations in intensity of light.

3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation.

4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth.

5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

aldosterone

DEFINITION:

The major mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. It promotes the retention of sodium and bicarbonate, the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions, and the secondary retention of water. Large excesses can invoke plasma volume expansion, edema, and hypertension. The secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by low plasma potassium concentration and angiotensin II.

mediated

DEFINITION:

Accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium.

blood pressure

DEFINITION:

1. The pressure of blood against the walls of any blood vessel.

2. The pressure of the blood on the walls of the arteries, dependent on the energy of the heart action, the elasticity of the walls of the arteries, and the volume and viscosity of the blood. The maximum or systolic blood pressure occurs near the end of the stroke output of the left ventricle of the heart. The minimum or diastolic blood pressure occurs late in ventricular diastole. Mean blood pressure is the average of the blood pressure levels, and basic blood pressure is that during quiet rest or basal conditions. See also hypertension and hypotension.

rate

DEFINITION:

1. The amount of change of a physical quantity or number of occurrences of an event per unit time.

2. In epidemiology and demography, the frequency of an event in a specified population; correctly applied only to fractions for which all of the cases contributing to the numerator are also counted in the denominator and for which the denominator is the entire population at risk. Rates are often multiplied by a factor to give the number of events per 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 population.

3. More generally, a term sometimes used to denote some measured quantity with respect to another. Symbol R.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.