nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

presented

DEFINITION:

Having appeared or shown, as having appeared first at the os uteri (said of a fetus), or having appeared for examination, treatment, etc. (said of a patient).

association

DEFINITION:

1. A state in which two attributes occur together either more or less often than expected by chance.

2. In neurology, a term applied to those regions of the brain that link the primary motor and sensory cortices; see association areas.

3. In genetics, the occurrence together of two or more phenotypic characteristics more often than would be expected by chance.

4. In psychiatry, a connection between ideas or feelings, especially between conscious thoughts and elements of the unconscious, or the formation of such a connection.

angiography

DEFINITION:

The radiographic visualization of blood vessels following introduction of contrast material; used as a diagnostic aid in such conditions as stroke syndrome and myocardial infarction. Called also vasography.

vertebral arteries

DEFINITION:

Arteriae vertebrales. The vertebral artery is divided into four parts: the first or prevertebral part (pars prevertebralis) , the second or atlantal part (pars atlantica) , the third or transverse part (pars transversaria) , and the fourth or intracranial part (pars intracranialis) . Origin: subclavian artery. Branches: transverse part : spinal and muscular rami; intracranial part : anterior spinal artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery and its branches. Distribution: muscles of neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum, interior of cerebrum.

vertebral artery

DEFINITION:

Arteria vertebralis. The vertebral artery is divided into four parts: the first or prevertebral part (pars prevertebralis) , the second or atlantal part (pars atlantica) , the third or transverse part (pars transversaria) , and the fourth or intracranial part (pars intracranialis) . Origin: subclavian artery. Branches: transverse part : spinal and muscular rami; intracranial part : anterior spinal artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery and its branches. Distribution: muscles of neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum, interior of cerebrum.

resolution

DEFINITION:

1. The subsidence of a pathologic state, as the subsidence of an inflammation, or the softening and disappearance of a swelling.
2. The perception as separate of two adjacent objects or points. In microscopy, it is the minimal distance at which two adjacent objects can be distinguished as separate. The resolving power of an instrument depends on the wavelength of the radiation used and the numerical aperture of the system; it is expressed in microns distance or lines per millimeter.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

angiography

DEFINITION:

The radiographic visualization of blood vessels following introduction of contrast material; used as a diagnostic aid in such conditions as stroke syndrome and myocardial infarction. Called also vasography.

abnormalities

DEFINITION:

1. The quality or fact of being abnormal.


2. Malformations, deformities, or anomalies.

calcification

DEFINITION:

The process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by a deposit of calcium salts within its substance.

pelvis

DEFINITION:

1. A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle and adjoining bones of the spine.
2. The cavity of the pelvis.
3. The funnel-shaped cavity of the kidney into which urine is discharged.

dilated

DEFINITION:

The state of being stretched. See dilatation.

inhibiting

DEFINITION:

Retarding, arresting, or restraining.

nerve

DEFINITION:

A cord-like structure, visible to the naked eye, comprising a collection of nerve fibers which convey impulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other region of the body. Called also nervus. A nerve consists of a connective tissue sheath (epineurium) enclosing bundles (funiculi or fasciculi) of nerve fibers, each bundle being surrounded by its own sheath of connective tissue (perineurium), the inner surface of which is formed by a membrane of flattened mesothelial cells. Very small nerves may consist of only one funiculus derived from the parent nerve. Within each such bundle, the individual nerve fibers, which are microscopic in size, are surrounded by interstitial connective tissue (endoneurium). An individual nerve fiber (an axon with its covering sheath) consists of formed elements in a matrix of protoplasm (axoplasm), the entire structure being enclosed in a thin membrane (axolemma). Each nerve fiber is enclosed by a cellular sheath (neurilemma), from which it may or may not be separated by a lipid layer (myelin sheath) derived from neurilemmal cells.

transmission

DEFINITION:

1. A passage or transfer, as of a disease from one individual to another, or of neural impulses from one neuron to another.

2. The communication of inheritable qualities from parent to offspring.

attenuated

DEFINITION:

1. Rendered thin.

2. Rendered less virulent.

hypernatremia

DEFINITION:

Excessive amount of sodium in the blood.

sodium

DEFINITION:

A silver white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically.

antidiuretic hormone

DEFINITION:

See vasopressin.

ADH

DEFINITION:

Alcohol dehydrogenase; antidiuretic hormone; see vasopressin.

serum

DEFINITION:

1. The clear portion of any body fluid; the clear fluid moistening serous membranes.
2. Blood serum; the clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting.
3. Immune serum; blood serum from an immunized animal used for passive immunization; an antiserum, antitoxin, or antivenin.

urine volume

DEFINITION:

The measure of the quantity of urine, e.g., excreted from the kidneys.

osmolality

DEFINITION:

The concentration of an osmotic solution especially when measured in osmols or milliosmols per 1000 grams of solvent.
Osmolality is a measure of the concentration of particles in a solution. A highly concentrated solution will have a high osmolality. That is, it will have more particles per unit of solvent than a solution with a low osmolality. (JC)

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

operative

DEFINITION:

1. Pertaining to an operation.
2. Effective; not inert.

post-operative

DEFINITION:

Occurring after a surgical operation.

nerves

DEFINITION:

Cord-like structures, visible to the naked eye, comprising a collection of nerve fibers which convey impulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other region of the body. Called also nervus . A nerve consists of a connective tissue sheath (epineurium) enclosing bundles (funiculi or fasciculi) of nerve fibers, each bundle being surrounded by its own sheath of connective tissue (perineurium), the inner surface of which is formed by a membrane of flattened mesothelial cells. Very small nerves may consist of only one funiculus derived from the parent nerve. Within each such bundle, the individual nerve fibers, which are microscopic in size, are surrounded by interstitial connective tissue (endoneurium). An individual nerve fiber (an axon with its covering sheath) consists of formed elements in a matrix of protoplasm (axoplasm), the entire structure being enclosed in a thin membrane (axolemma). Each nerve fiber is enclosed by a cellular sheath (neurilemma), from which it may or may not be separated by a lipid layer (myelin sheath) derived from neurilemmal cells.

G protein

DEFINITION:

Any of a family of similar heterotrimeric proteins of the intracellular portion of the plasma membrane that bind activated receptor complexes and, through conformational changes and cyclic binding and hydrolysis of GTP, directly or indirectly effect alterations in channel gating and so couple cell surface receptors to intracellular responses. Some G proteins are named for their activities, e.g., G_s stimulates and G_I inhibits enzyme activity.

peripheral nervous system

DEFINITION:

That portion of the nervous system consisting of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

affect

DEFINITION:

1. To produce an effect on; influence.

2. The external expression of emotion attached to ideas or mental representations of objects.

association

DEFINITION:

1. A state in which two attributes occur together either more or less often than expected by chance.

2. In neurology, a term applied to those regions of the brain that link the primary motor and sensory cortices; see association areas.

3. In genetics, the occurrence together of two or more phenotypic characteristics more often than would be expected by chance.

4. In psychiatry, a connection between ideas or feelings, especially between conscious thoughts and elements of the unconscious, or the formation of such a connection.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.