nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

DEFINITION:

A syndrome of polyuria and hyposthenuria caused by the failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb water in response to antidiuretic hormone, without disturbance in the renal filtration and solute excretion rates; the condition does not respond to exogenous vasopressin. It may be inherited as a rare X-linked trait or be acquired as a result of drug therapy or systemic disease.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

myelogenous leukemia

DEFINITION:

Leukemia arising from myeloid tissue in which the granular, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their precursors predominate; See also acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia . Called also granulocytic , myeloblastic , or myelocytic leukemia .

donor

DEFINITION:

1. An individual organism that supplies living tissue to be used in another body, as a person who furnishes blood for transfusion, or an organ for transplantation in a histocompatible recipient.

2. In chemistry, a substance or compound which contributes part of itself, as an atom or radical, to another substance (acceptor).

allogeneic

DEFINITION:

1. Having cell types that are antigenically distinct.

2. In transplantation biology, denoting individuals (or tissues) that are of the same species but antigenically distinct, as opposed to syngeneic and xenogeneic. Called also homologous.

bone marrow transplant

DEFINITION:

The technique of using normal bone marrow to replace malignant or defective marrow in a patient. In allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), healthy bone marrow is taken from a donor who has a very similar tissue type to the recipient's--usually a brother or sister. In autologous BMT the patient's own bone marrow is used. Either type of BMT should be done only in centers specializing in this procedure.

Because the procedure itself carries certain risks, BMT is used only in the treatment of potentially fatal blood and immune disorders, including severe aplastic anemia, leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency and inborn errors of metabolism.

In allogeneic BMT, before transplantation, all the recipient's marrow is destroyed by treatment with drugs or radiation. Destroying the marrow kills any cancer cells there.

Next, using general anesthesia, bone marrow is aspirated from the donor's iliac crests and/or sternum. Only 20 to 50 ml is removed, since the transplanted marrow grows quickly to occupy the bone spaces.

After aspiration, the bone marrow is transfused intravenously into the patient. The bone marrow cells find their way through the circulation into the patient's marrow cavities, where they start to grow.

In autologous BMT, bone marrow is taken from the patient (usually someone with a malignant disease) while his or her disease is in remission (not active) and stored by cryopreservation (a tissue-freezing technique). Before freezing, the marrow may be treated in an attempt to eliminate any remaining malignant cells. This method remains investigational for most conditions. If the disease recurs, the stored bone marrow can be thawed and reinfused into the patient, after destroying all his or her bone marrow as in allogeneic BMT.

Infection can be a major problem during the recovery period, and isolation nursing procedures must continue for about four to six weeks until the new marrow is producing adequate numbers of white blood cells.

In allogeneic BMT, the other dangerous complication is the rejection process known as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). GVHD occurs when lymphocytes in the donor bone marrow recognize their new host (recipient) environment as foreign. Symptoms include rash, jaundice, and diarrhea. Immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporine, prevent and treat rejection.

Complications may continue to arise for long periods after BMT.

adequate

DEFINITION:

Sufficient for a specific purpose.

fungal pneumonia

DEFINITION:

Pneumonia caused by inhaled fungi, usually Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, or Coccidioides immitis; in Central and South America it may be caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Numerous other fungi, such as Aspergillus and Candida, infect immunocompromised patients. See also histoplasmosis, North American blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.

baseline

DEFINITION:

An observation or value that represents the normal background level, or an initial level, of a measurable quantity; used for comparison with values representing response to experimental intervention or an environmental stimulus, usually implying that the baseline and response values refer to the same individual or system.

immunosuppression

DEFINITION:

The prevention or diminution of the immune response, as by irradiation or by administration of antimetabolites, antilymphocyte serum, or specific antibody; called also immunodepression.

fungal

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to fungi.

etiology

DEFINITION:

The study or theory of the factors that cause disease and the method of their introduction to the host; the causes or origin of a disease or disorder.

organizing pneumonia

DEFINITION:

Pneumonia characterized by formation of numerous small foci of loose connective tissue called Masson bodies in the bronchioles and alveoli. It may be seen following injury, associated with interstitial lung conditions, or as part of the syndrome called bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia or cryptogenic organizing pneumonia .

diffuse

DEFINITION:

1. Not definitely limited or localized; widely distributed.

2. To pass through or to spread widely through a tissue or structure.

intravenous

DEFINITION:

Within a vein or veins.

desmopressin

DEFINITION:

Desmopressin acetate - a potent synthetic analogue of vasopressin used intranasally, intramuscularly, or intravenously as an antidiuretic in pituitary diabetes insipidus.

hypernatremia

DEFINITION:

Excessive amount of sodium in the blood.

desmopressin

DEFINITION:

Desmopressin acetate - a potent synthetic analogue of vasopressin used intranasally, intramuscularly, or intravenously as an antidiuretic in pituitary diabetes insipidus.

urine output

DEFINITION:

The amount of urine excreted by the kidneys.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

etiology

DEFINITION:

The study or theory of the factors that cause disease and the method of their introduction to the host; the causes or origin of a disease or disorder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

hypokalemia

DEFINITION:

Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from excessive potassium loss by the renal or the gastrointestinal route, from decreased intake, or from transcellular shifts. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders.

hypernatremia

DEFINITION:

Excessive amount of sodium in the blood.

polyuria

DEFINITION:

The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

fungal pneumonia

DEFINITION:

Pneumonia caused by inhaled fungi, usually Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, or Coccidioides immitis; in Central and South America it may be caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Numerous other fungi, such as Aspergillus and Candida, infect immunocompromised patients. See also histoplasmosis, North American blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.

concurrent

DEFINITION:

Happening at the same time; simultaneous.

intravenous

DEFINITION:

Within a vein or veins.

desmopressin

DEFINITION:

Desmopressin acetate - a potent synthetic analogue of vasopressin used intranasally, intramuscularly, or intravenously as an antidiuretic in pituitary diabetes insipidus.

temporal

DEFINITION:

1. Pertaining to the lateral region of the head, superior to the zygomatic arch.
2. Pertaining to time; limited as to time; temporary.

sequence

DEFINITION:

1. A connected series of events or things.
2. In dysmorphology, a pattern of multiple anomalies derived from a single known or presumed prior anomaly or mechanical factor.
3. In molecular biology, often used to refer to DNA having a particular nucleotide composition or occurring in a particular region of the genome.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

etiology

DEFINITION:

The study or theory of the factors that cause disease and the method of their introduction to the host; the causes or origin of a disease or disorder.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

bone marrow transplant

DEFINITION:

The technique of using normal bone marrow to replace malignant or defective marrow in a patient. In allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), healthy bone marrow is taken from a donor who has a very similar tissue type to the recipient's--usually a brother or sister. In autologous BMT the patient's own bone marrow is used. Either type of BMT should be done only in centers specializing in this procedure.

Because the procedure itself carries certain risks, BMT is used only in the treatment of potentially fatal blood and immune disorders, including severe aplastic anemia, leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency and inborn errors of metabolism.

In allogeneic BMT, before transplantation, all the recipient's marrow is destroyed by treatment with drugs or radiation. Destroying the marrow kills any cancer cells there.

Next, using general anesthesia, bone marrow is aspirated from the donor's iliac crests and/or sternum. Only 20 to 50 ml is removed, since the transplanted marrow grows quickly to occupy the bone spaces.

After aspiration, the bone marrow is transfused intravenously into the patient. The bone marrow cells find their way through the circulation into the patient's marrow cavities, where they start to grow.

In autologous BMT, bone marrow is taken from the patient (usually someone with a malignant disease) while his or her disease is in remission (not active) and stored by cryopreservation (a tissue-freezing technique). Before freezing, the marrow may be treated in an attempt to eliminate any remaining malignant cells. This method remains investigational for most conditions. If the disease recurs, the stored bone marrow can be thawed and reinfused into the patient, after destroying all his or her bone marrow as in allogeneic BMT.

Infection can be a major problem during the recovery period, and isolation nursing procedures must continue for about four to six weeks until the new marrow is producing adequate numbers of white blood cells.

In allogeneic BMT, the other dangerous complication is the rejection process known as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). GVHD occurs when lymphocytes in the donor bone marrow recognize their new host (recipient) environment as foreign. Symptoms include rash, jaundice, and diarrhea. Immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporine, prevent and treat rejection.

Complications may continue to arise for long periods after BMT.

leukemia

DEFINITION:

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. It is classified according to degree of cell differentiation as acute or chronic (terms no longer referring to duration of disease), and according to predominant type of cell involved as myelogenous or lymphocytic .

fungal pneumonia

DEFINITION:

Pneumonia caused by inhaled fungi, usually Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, or Coccidioides immitis; in Central and South America it may be caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Numerous other fungi, such as Aspergillus and Candida, infect immunocompromised patients. See also histoplasmosis, North American blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.

bone marrow transplant

DEFINITION:

The technique of using normal bone marrow to replace malignant or defective marrow in a patient. In allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), healthy bone marrow is taken from a donor who has a very similar tissue type to the recipient's--usually a brother or sister. In autologous BMT the patient's own bone marrow is used. Either type of BMT should be done only in centers specializing in this procedure.

Because the procedure itself carries certain risks, BMT is used only in the treatment of potentially fatal blood and immune disorders, including severe aplastic anemia, leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency and inborn errors of metabolism.

In allogeneic BMT, before transplantation, all the recipient's marrow is destroyed by treatment with drugs or radiation. Destroying the marrow kills any cancer cells there.

Next, using general anesthesia, bone marrow is aspirated from the donor's iliac crests and/or sternum. Only 20 to 50 ml is removed, since the transplanted marrow grows quickly to occupy the bone spaces.

After aspiration, the bone marrow is transfused intravenously into the patient. The bone marrow cells find their way through the circulation into the patient's marrow cavities, where they start to grow.

In autologous BMT, bone marrow is taken from the patient (usually someone with a malignant disease) while his or her disease is in remission (not active) and stored by cryopreservation (a tissue-freezing technique). Before freezing, the marrow may be treated in an attempt to eliminate any remaining malignant cells. This method remains investigational for most conditions. If the disease recurs, the stored bone marrow can be thawed and reinfused into the patient, after destroying all his or her bone marrow as in allogeneic BMT.

Infection can be a major problem during the recovery period, and isolation nursing procedures must continue for about four to six weeks until the new marrow is producing adequate numbers of white blood cells.

In allogeneic BMT, the other dangerous complication is the rejection process known as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). GVHD occurs when lymphocytes in the donor bone marrow recognize their new host (recipient) environment as foreign. Symptoms include rash, jaundice, and diarrhea. Immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporine, prevent and treat rejection.

Complications may continue to arise for long periods after BMT.

protocol

DEFINITION:

1. An explicit, detailed plan of an experiment, procedure, or test.

2. The original notes made on a necropsy, experiment, or case of disease.

drug

DEFINITION:

1. A chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body.

2. Any chemical compound used on or administered to humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease or other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain or suffering, or to control or improve any physiologic or pathologic condition.

3. A substance used recreationally for its effects on the central nervous system, such as a narcotic; abuse may lead to dependence or addiction.

4. To administer a drug to.

urine output

DEFINITION:

The amount of urine excreted by the kidneys.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

urine output

DEFINITION:

The amount of urine excreted by the kidneys.

intravenously

DEFINITION:

Administered within a vein or veins.

desmopressin

DEFINITION:

Desmopressin acetate - a potent synthetic analogue of vasopressin used intranasally, intramuscularly, or intravenously as an antidiuretic in pituitary diabetes insipidus.

synthetic

DEFINITION:

Artificial. See also synthesis .

variant

DEFINITION:

1. Something that differs in some characteristic from the class to which it belongs; as a variant of a disease, trait, species, etc.

2. Exhibiting such variation.

hormone

DEFINITION:

A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells remote from its point of origin; especially: one exerting a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

hypophysiotropic hormones - Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, usually releasing hormones (see below), which maintain the endocrine functions of cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohormone - A hormone secreted by a specialized neuron into the bloodstream, the cerebrospinal fluid, or the intercellular spaces of the nervous system.

releasing hormones - Hormones elaborated in one structure that cause the release of hormones from another structure, such as those from the hypothalamus that act on the adenohypophysis. The term is applied to substances of established chemical identity, whereas substances of unknown chemical structure are called releasing factors .

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

urine output

DEFINITION:

The amount of urine excreted by the kidneys.

NDI

DEFINITION:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

side effect

DEFINITION:

A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration.