Many of the scientific terms found in the abstracts, articles and lay translations presented on our site are included in this section. We are continually adding terminology found in both new and existing documents.
| G | gases |
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As G - Symbol for "gauss," "giga-," "gravida," and "guanine" or "guanosine."
As G - Symbol for "conductance," "gravitational constant," "Gibbs free energy," and "G force."
As g - Symbol for "gram."
As g - Symbol for "standard gravity."
1. Fluids (as hydrogen or air) that tend to expand indefinitely.
2. Gases or mixtures of gases used as fuel or anesthetics.
3. Substances that can be used to produce a poisonous, asphyxiating, or irritant atmosphere.
4. To treat with gas; also, to poison with gas.
5. To fill with gasoline.
As G - Symbol for "gauss," "giga-," "gravida," and "guanine" or "guanosine."
As G - Symbol for "conductance," "gravitational constant," "Gibbs free energy," and "G force."
As g - Symbol for "gram."
As g - Symbol for "standard gravity."
A rare element of atomic number 64, atomic weight 157.25, symbol Gd; chelated gadolinium is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging.
1. A form of large nerve cell characteristic of ganglia; called also gangliocyte.
2. Any of those retinal cells that are the third, last, neurons in the vertical linkage of the retina and are analogous to the relays in the spinal cord and brain stem. At least six types of ganglion cells have been classified according to their dendritic patterns.
Differential staining of chromosomes to elicit chromosome bands (G bands), consisting of pretreatment with a salt solution or with proteolytic enzymes (usually trypsin or pronase) before staining with Giemsa solution. The same banding pattern may be obtained with other agents. Called also Giemsa banding.
[USP] The dimeglumine salt of the gadolinium complex of pentetic acid; a paramagnetic agent used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial lesions and lesions of the spine and associated tissues, administered intravenously.
Trigeminal ganglion.
See G band .
Abbreviation for glycosaminoglycan.
See ganglion cell .
Granular enterochromaffin cells in the mucosa of the pyloric part of the stomach that are the source of gastrin.
An aldohexose epimeric with glucose at the 4 carbon but less soluble and less sweet, occurring naturally in both D- and L- forms (the latter in plants); it is a component of lactose and other oligosaccharides, cerebrosides and gangliosides, and various glycolipids and glycoproteins.
See individual entries for ganglionic layer of cerebellum , ganglionic layer of cerebral cortex , ganglionic layer of optic nerve , and ganglionic layer of retina .
Any of a family of similar heterotrimeric proteins of the intracellular portion of the plasma membrane that bind activated receptor complexes and, through conformational changes and cyclic binding and hydrolysis of GTP, directly or indirectly effect alterations in channel gating and so couple cell surface receptors to intracellular responses. Some G proteins are named for their activities, e.g., Gs stimulates and GI inhibits enzyme activity.
Bile duct.
See stratum purkinjense cerebelli.
G protein-linked (or coupled) receptors mediate the cellular responses to an enormous diversity of signaling molecules, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and local mediators, which are as varied in structure as they are in function: the list includes proteins and small peptides, as well as amino acid and fatty acid derivatives.
Despite the chemical and functional diversity of the signaling molecules that bind to them, all of the G protein-linked receptors whose amino acid sequences are known from DNA sequencing studies have a similar structure and are almost certainly evolutionarily related. They consist of a single polypeptide chain that threads back and forth across the lipid bilayer seven times.
The members of this receptor family have conserved not only their amino acid sequence but also their functional relationship to G proteins by means of which they broadcast into the interior of the cell the message that an extracellular ligand is present.
See vesica biliaris.
See lamina pyramidalis interna.
Any of a family of similar heterotrimeric proteins of the intracellular portion of the plasma membrane that bind activated receptor complexes and, through conformational changes and cyclic binding and hydrolysis of GTP, directly or indirectly effect alterations in channel gating and so couple cell surface receptors to intracellular responses. Some G proteins are named for their activities, e.g., Gs stimulates and GI inhibits enzyme activity.
Pertaining to galvanism.
The layer of the nervous part of the retina that contains the multipolar neurons, the axons of which form the fibers of the optic nerve. Called also stratum ganglionare nervi optici and ganglionic stratum of retina.
As G - Symbol for gauss, giga-, glycine, gravida, and guanine or guanosine.
As G - Symbol for conductance, gravitational constant, Gibbs free energy, and G force.
As g - Symbol for gram.
As g - Symbol for standard gravity.
A steady direct current.
See stratum ganglionicum retinae.
The globular form of actin.
1. Galvanic current: unidirectional electric current derived from a chemical battery.
2. The therapeutic use of direct current.
The layer of the nervous part of the retina that contains the bipolar cells. Called also ganglionic layer of retina and stratum ganglionare retinae.
Any of a family of similar heterotrimeric proteins of the intracellular portion of the plasma membrane that bind activated receptor complexes and, through conformational changes and cyclic binding and hydrolysis of GTP, directly or indirectly effect alterations in channel gating and so couple cell surface receptors to intracellular responses. Some G proteins are named for their activities, e.g., Gs stimulates and GI inhibits enzyme activity.
1. A haploid reproductive cell (ovum or spermatozoon), whose union is necessary in sexual reproduction to initiate the development of a new individual.
2. The malarial parasite in its sexual form in the gut of the mosquito vector, either male (microgamete) or female (macrogamete); the latter fertilizes the former to develop into an ookinete.
Death of tissue, usually in considerable mass and generally associated with loss of vascular (nutritive) supply and followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction.
G-proteins are proteins embedded in the surface membrane of cells. These proteins "receive chemical signals" from outside the cell (e.g., hormones) and "pass the signal" into the cell, so that the cell can "respond to the signal." For example, a hormone, drug, neurotransmitter, or other "signal" binds to a receptor molecule on the surface of the cell's exterior membrane. That receptor then activates the G-protein, which causes an effector inside the cell to produce a second "signal" chemical inside the cell, which causes the cell to react to the original external chemical signal.
Serum globulins having the least rapid electrophoretic migration. Since the gamma globulin fraction is composed almost entirely of immunoglobulin, gamma globulin came to be used as a synonym of "immunoglobulin" or "immune globulin." Because some immunoglobulins have a or ß electrophoretic mobility, this usage is imprecise and is in decline.
GTPase-activating protein (see JAB-672).
A protein involved in endocytosis of vasopressin receptors and other types of receptors. (Knepper)
Electromagnetic radiation of short wavelengths emitted by the nucleus of an atom during a nuclear reaction. Gamma rays consist of high energy photons, have no mass and no electric charge, and travel with the speed of light and are usually associated with beta rays.
Hurler's syndrome.
G-proteins are proteins embedded in the surface membrane of cells. These proteins "receive chemical signals" from outside the cell (e.g., hormones) and "pass the signal" into the cell, so that the cell can "respond to the signal." For example, a hormone, drug, neurotransmitter, or other "signal" binds to a receptor molecule on the surface of the cell's exterior membrane. That receptor then activates the G-protein, which causes an effector inside the cell to produce a second "signal" chemical inside the cell, which causes the cell to react to the original external chemical signal.
Plural of ganglion .
Any elastic aeriform fluid in which the molecules are separated form one another and so have free paths.
A company abbreviation which stands for a specific antibiotic (aminoglycoside). The generic name for G418 is geneticin. This antibiotic has not been proven for clinical use (Schöneberg).
1. A knot, or knotlike mass.
2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord.
3. A benign cystic tumor occurring on a joint membrane or tendon sheath, as in the wrist; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid.
Of the nature of a gas.
Stimulatory G protein.
A layer of the pars nervosa retinae, situated between the inner molecular layer and the stratum opticum, or nerve fiber layer, consisting essentially of the ganglion cells of the retina, and containing also the fibers of Müller, neuroglia, and branches of the retinal vessels.
1. Fluids (as hydrogen or air) that tend to expand indefinitely.
2. Gases or mixtures of gases used as fuel or anesthetics.
3. Substances that can be used to produce a poisonous, asphyxiating, or irritant atmosphere.
4. To treat with gas; also, to poison with gas.
5. To fill with gasoline.